Review: Pengaruh Stres Panas terhadap Komposisi Darah dan Produktivitas Sapi Potong
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34128/jpb.v4i2.52Keywords:
stres panas, sapi potong, respon fisiologis, parameter hematologis, kinerja produksi, pemanasan globalAbstract
Stres panas (heat stress) merupakan faktor lingkungan utama yang membatasi kesejahteraan dan produktivitas sapi potong di wilayah tropis, terutama seiring meningkatnya suhu dan kelembapan akibat perubahan iklim. Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji secara komprehensif hubungan antara stres panas, perubahan parameter fisiologis dan hematologis, serta implikasinya terhadap produktivitas sapi potong melalui studi literatur dengan pendekatan narrative review. Literatur dikumpulkan dari jurnal nasional dan internasional bereputasi yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2005–2025 dan dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui klasifikasi tematik dan sintesis naratif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa paparan suhu lingkungan di atas zona nyaman termal sapi potong (±10–27°C) atau pada nilai Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) ≥72 secara konsisten meningkatkan suhu tubuh dan laju respirasi, serta menurunkan konsumsi pakan. Dari sisi hematologi, stres panas akut umumnya dikaitkan dengan peningkatan hematokrit dan hemoglobin (sekitar 5–15% di atas nilai normal) akibat hemokonsentrasi dan dehidrasi, sedangkan stres panas kronis cenderung menyebabkan penurunan hematokrit dan hemoglobin akibat gangguan eritropoiesis dan penurunan asupan nutrien. Perubahan lain yang sering dilaporkan meliputi peningkatan kortisol dan glukosa darah, ketidakseimbangan elektrolit (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻), serta perubahan profil leukosit yang mencerminkan respons stres dan supresi imun. Secara produktif, kondisi tersebut berkorelasi dengan penurunan pertambahan bobot badan harian, efisiensi konversi pakan, dan kualitas karkas. Kontribusi utama artikel ini adalah menyajikan sintesis terintegrasi yang menekankan bahwa variasi respons fisiologis dan hematologis akibat stres panas sangat dipengaruhi oleh durasi cekaman, tingkat dehidrasi, sistem manajemen, serta ras sapi. Selain itu, artikel ini merangkum strategi mitigasi berbasis lingkungan, nutrisi, dan teknologi sebagai kerangka adaptasi praktis dan berkelanjutan bagi sistem produksi sapi potong di wilayah tropis.
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